Journey to driverless cars – Levels of automation
Levels of driving automation
This is a text-based alternative to the infographic SAE J3016TM— Levels of driving automation:
- Level 0 vehicles require the human driver to undertake all driving tasks.
- Level 1 vehicles include driver assist features, such cruise control or lane keeping assist. These technologies can perform 1 aspect of the driving task with monitoring from the driver.
- Level 2 vehicles include advance driver assist features such as emergency braking, adaptive cruise control, auto park assist and traffic jam assist. These technologies can perform a number of aspects of the driving task with monitoring from the driver.
- Level 3 vehicle drives itself for some of the time
- Level 4 vehicle drives itself for most of the time
- Level 5 vehicle drives itself all the time
Levels 0–2
What the human in the driver's seat does
- You are driving whenever these driver support features are engaged—even if your feet are off the pedals and you are not steering.
- You must constantly supervise these support features—you must steer, brake, or accelerate as needed to maintain safety.
Examples of driver support features
- (Level 0) Features limited to providing warnings and momentary assistance, such as:
- automatic emergency braking
- blind spot warning
- lane departure warning.
- (Level 1) These features provide steering or brake/acceleration support to the driver, such as:
- lane centering
or - adaptive cruise control.
- lane centering
- (Level 2) These features provide steering and brake/acceleration support to the driver, such as:
- lane centering and adaptive cruise control at the same time.
Levels 3–5
What the human in the driver's seat does
- You are not driving when these automated driving features are engaged, even if you are seated in the driver's seat.
- (Level 3) There are some cases when a feature will request that you drive.
- (Levels 4 and 5) These automated driving features will not require you to take over driving.
Examples of automated driving features
- (Levels 3 and 4) These features can drive the vehicle under limited conditions and will not operate unless all required conditions are met:
- (Level 3) traffic jam chauffeur
- (Level 4) local driverless taxi
- (Level 4) pedals/steering wheel may or may not be installed.
- (Level 5) This feature can drive the vehicle under all conditions:
- same as level 4, but the feature can drive anywhere in all conditions.
Journey to Cooperative and Automated Vehicles diagram
This is a text-based alternative to the image Journey to Cooperative and Automated Vehicle initiative.
Autonomous vehicle | Cooperative vehicle | Cooperative automated vehicle |
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A Cooperative Intelligent Transport System
This is a text-based alternative to the diagram A Cooperative Intelligent Transport System:
Illustrated image showing connections between different elements of a connected intelligent transport systems. A little blue car with connected vehicle technology is sharing information with another connected vehicle, traffic lights and cloud systems.